See Cygan on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "Cygan"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"word": "Cygōn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": ":der",
"3": "grc:ἀθίγγανος<unc>",
"4": "trk-kip:-<unc><ety:inh<trk-pro:*čï̄gań>>",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀθίγγανος\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Kipchak\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Turkic\", \"term\" : \"*čï̄gań\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"trk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"trk-kip\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" }\" data-lang=\"zlw-opl\" data-title=\"Cygan\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "d",
"3": "D"
},
"expansion": "d",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "derived terms",
"2": "derived"
},
"expansion": "derived",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἀθίγγανος",
"4": "",
"5": "one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "1",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos, “one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἀθίγγανος",
"nocap": "1",
"nocat": "1",
"t": "one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable"
},
"expansion": "derived from Ancient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos, “one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable”)",
"name": "der+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "trk-kip",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Kipchak",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*čï̄gań",
"nocat": "1",
"t": "poor"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *čï̄gań (“poor”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1401"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1401",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nUsually believed to be ultimately derived from Ancient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos, “one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable”); see τσιγγάνος (tsingános) for further etymology. On the other hand, according to Marek Stachowski, the word entered the Slavic languages via Kipchak, ultimately from Proto-Turkic *čï̄gań (“poor”). First attested in 1401.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Cygan m animacy unattested",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-an!"
},
"expansion": "Cygan m animacy unattested",
"name": "zlw-opl-prop"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish male surnames",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Polish surnames",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "42 12 17 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 4 6 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 3 5 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 5 6 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 3 5 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a male surname"
],
"id": "en-Cygan-zlw-opl-name-IRlLAcDj",
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʲiɡaːn/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʲiɡɒn/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "Cygan"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:Cygan",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*né\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*n̥-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*ə-\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀ-\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to touch\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"θιγγάνω\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀθίγγανος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Kipchak\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Turkic\", \"term\" : \"*čï̄gań\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"trk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"trk-kip\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Cygan\">\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Cyganka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygana",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygana",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygón",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"dim": "Cyganek",
"f": "Cyganka"
},
"expansion": "Cygan m pers (female equivalent Cyganka, diminutive Cyganek)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Cy‧gan"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Cy‧gan"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nomp": "Cyganie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "21 20 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 20 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 17 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 22 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 18 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 21 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 22 52",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Nationalities",
"orig": "pl:Nationalities",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Gypsy"
],
"id": "en-Cygan-pl-noun-BT2p8BnM",
"links": [
[
"Gypsy",
"Gypsy"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Rom"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sɘ.ɡan/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘɡan"
},
{
"homophone": "cygan"
}
],
"word": "Cygan"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:Cygan",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*né\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*n̥-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*ə-\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀ-\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to touch\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"θιγγάνω\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀθίγγανος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Kipchak\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Turkic\", \"term\" : \"*čï̄gań\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"trk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"trk-kip\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Cygan\">\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygana",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygana",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygón",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "Cygan m pers",
"name": "pl-proper noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Cy‧gan"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Cy‧gan"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nomp": "Cyganowie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish male surnames",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish surnames",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "89 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Male people",
"orig": "pl:Male people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a male surname"
],
"id": "en-Cygan-pl-name-IRlLAcDj",
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sɘ.ɡan/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘɡan"
},
{
"homophone": "cygan"
}
],
"word": "Cygan"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:Cygan",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*né\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*n̥-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*ə-\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀ-\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to touch\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"θιγγάνω\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀθίγγανος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Kipchak\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Turkic\", \"term\" : \"*čï̄gań\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"trk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"trk-kip\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Cygan\">\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Cygón",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"indecl": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cygan f (indeclinable)",
"name": "pl-proper noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Cy‧gan"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Cy‧gan"
]
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish female surnames",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish surnames",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a female surname"
],
"id": "en-Cygan-pl-name-yitEyztR",
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indeclinable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sɘ.ɡan/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘɡan"
},
{
"homophone": "cygan"
}
],
"word": "Cygan"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Nationalities"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "Cygan"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"word": "Cygōn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": ":der",
"3": "grc:ἀθίγγανος<unc>",
"4": "trk-kip:-<unc><ety:inh<trk-pro:*čï̄gań>>",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀθίγγανος\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Kipchak\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Turkic\", \"term\" : \"*čï̄gań\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"trk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"trk-kip\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" }\" data-lang=\"zlw-opl\" data-title=\"Cygan\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "d",
"3": "D"
},
"expansion": "d",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "derived terms",
"2": "derived"
},
"expansion": "derived",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἀθίγγανος",
"4": "",
"5": "one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "1",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos, “one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἀθίγγανος",
"nocap": "1",
"nocat": "1",
"t": "one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable"
},
"expansion": "derived from Ancient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos, “one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable”)",
"name": "der+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "trk-kip",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Kipchak",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*čï̄gań",
"nocat": "1",
"t": "poor"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *čï̄gań (“poor”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1401"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1401",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nUsually believed to be ultimately derived from Ancient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos, “one who doesn't want to be touched; untouchable”); see τσιγγάνος (tsingános) for further etymology. On the other hand, according to Marek Stachowski, the word entered the Slavic languages via Kipchak, ultimately from Proto-Turkic *čï̄gań (“poor”). First attested in 1401.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Cygan m animacy unattested",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-an!"
},
"expansion": "Cygan m animacy unattested",
"name": "zlw-opl-prop"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Old Polish entries with etymon",
"Old Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Polish lemmas",
"Old Polish male surnames",
"Old Polish masculine nouns",
"Old Polish proper nouns",
"Old Polish surnames",
"Old Polish terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Old Polish terms derived from Kipchak languages",
"Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Old Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *né",
"Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"glosses": [
"a male surname"
],
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʲiɡaːn/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ–15ᵗʰ CE"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʲiɡɒn/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "Cygan"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish indeclinable nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish proper nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Polish terms derived from Kipchak languages",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *né",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɘɡan",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɘɡan/2 syllables",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Nationalities"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:Cygan",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*né\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*n̥-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*ə-\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀ-\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to touch\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"θιγγάνω\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀθίγγανος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Kipchak\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Turkic\", \"term\" : \"*čï̄gań\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"trk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"trk-kip\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Cygan\">\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Cyganka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganek",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygana",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygana",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygón",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"dim": "Cyganek",
"f": "Cyganka"
},
"expansion": "Cygan m pers (female equivalent Cyganka, diminutive Cyganek)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Cy‧gan"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Cy‧gan"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nomp": "Cyganie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Gypsy"
],
"links": [
[
"Gypsy",
"Gypsy"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Rom"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sɘ.ɡan/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘɡan"
},
{
"homophone": "cygan"
}
],
"word": "Cygan"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish indeclinable nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish proper nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Polish terms derived from Kipchak languages",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *né",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɘɡan",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɘɡan/2 syllables",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Nationalities"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:Cygan",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*né\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*n̥-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*ə-\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀ-\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to touch\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"θιγγάνω\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀθίγγανος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Kipchak\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Turkic\", \"term\" : \"*čï̄gań\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"trk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"trk-kip\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Cygan\">\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygana",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygana",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cyganowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cygón",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr"
},
"expansion": "Cygan m pers",
"name": "pl-proper noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Cy‧gan"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Cy‧gan"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"nomp": "Cyganowie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish male surnames",
"Polish surnames"
],
"glosses": [
"a male surname"
],
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sɘ.ɡan/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘɡan"
},
{
"homophone": "cygan"
}
],
"word": "Cygan"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology texts",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with etymon",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish indeclinable nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish proper nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Polish terms derived from Kipchak languages",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *né",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɘɡan",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɘɡan/2 syllables",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Nationalities"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "zlw-opl:Cygan",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"un-\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"not\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*né\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*n̥-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*ə-\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀ-\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"to touch\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"θιγγάνω\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ος\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἀθίγγανος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"Kipchak\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Turkic\", \"term\" : \"*čï̄gań\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"trk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"trk-kip\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"zlw-opl\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Polish\", \"term\" : \"Cygan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pl\" }\" data-lang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Cygan\">\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *né\nProto-Indo-European *n̥-\nProto-Hellenic *ə-\nAncient Greek ἀ- (a-)\nAncient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀθίγγανος (athínganos)der.?\nProto-Turkic *čï̄gań\nKipchakder.?\nOld Polish Cygan\nPolish Cygan\nInherited from Old Polish Cygan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Cygón",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"indecl": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cygan f (indeclinable)",
"name": "pl-proper noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"Cy‧gan"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"Cy‧gan"
]
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish female surnames",
"Polish surnames"
],
"glosses": [
"a female surname"
],
"links": [
[
"surname",
"surname"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indeclinable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡sɘ.ɡan/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɘɡan"
},
{
"homophone": "cygan"
}
],
"word": "Cygan"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Cygan meaning in All languages combined (22.6kB)
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"subsection": "",
"title": "Cygan",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 155291813<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Tue, 07 Jul 2026 14:03:12 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"Cygan",
"Template:ety",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymon:main()"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "",
"title": "Cygan",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 169312886<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Tue, 07 Jul 2026 14:04:08 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"Cygan",
"Template:ety",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymon:main()"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "",
"title": "Cygan",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 164013165<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Tue, 07 Jul 2026 14:05:03 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-07-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-07-06 using wiktextract (e62056b and e7887d5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.